作者/Author(s): Robert Almelor Delfeld
網站來源/Source: Foreign Policy
日期/Date: 04/26/2024
關鍵字/Keywords: 軍事
摘要：
華盛頓面臨在歐洲、中東和台灣海峽三個戰區進行戰爭的可能性，引發了這些地區相對重要性以及如何分配美國國防資源的爭論。無論爭論如何，美國國防工業基地甚至沒有做好裝備一個戰區的準備，而且美國的關鍵彈藥可能很快就會耗盡。雖然這個問題是美國關鍵的國家安全優先事項，但國會在推進解決生產短缺的立法進展緩慢，在追求國防工業基地改革議題上也缺乏一致性。
- 自從冷戰結束以後美國享有長期的和平，政治人物對國防工業基地興趣缺缺。政府不僅削減國防支出，減少了與主要國防公司的合約，甚至將資金分配給其他領域。國防工業基地在某些選區才存在，而且也變成軍事和外交政治領域的一個小眾議題，對美國軍事戰備沒有明顯的影響。
- 然而自 2010 年代以來，美國一直面臨著新的地緣政治變化和預算緊張問題。美國決策者承認的確這項政策有缺失，但並沒有明確計劃來解決國防工業基礎投資不足的問題。
- 系統性改革的重點不該是提高撥款和採購效率，也不是高附加值商品。相反，美國應改革國防工業的國內商品次級基礎市場。此外，美國也應分散國防工業在不同州的市場份額，才能更好地產生與遊說。如果執行得當，可以立即增加目前國防預算的實際購買力和武器生產效率，並為未來的國防生產創造一個更有彈性的架構。
Washington faces the prospect of fighting a war on three fronts in Europe, the Middle East, and the Taiwan Strait, creating a debate over the relative importance of these areas and how to appropriate US defense resources. Regardless of the debates, the US defense industrial base is unprepared to equip even one theater and may quickly deplete its key munitions. Despite the issue being a critical national security priority for the US, Congress is slow to advance legislation that addresses production shortages or is disunited in pursuing defense industrial base reform agendas.
- The lack of political interest in the defense industrial base is recent due to a long peace since the end of the Cold War. The government cut its defense spending and reduced contracts with prime defense companies to allocate funds to other sectors. The defense industrial base is also sparsely located in some constituents only, making it a niche within the military and foreign-policy elites without any noticeable implications on the US military preparedness.
- However, since the 2010s, the US has faced new geopolitical changes and budget strains which lasted until now. US policymakers acknowledge the problems but do not have a clear plan to address the lack of investment in the defense industrial base.
- A systemic reform should not focus on increasing appropriations and procurement efficiency or on high-value-added commodities. Instead, the US should reform the sub-bases of the defense industry, which is the domestic commodities market. Further, the US should also diversify the market share of the defense industry across different states to generate input lobbies better. If executed well, it would generate an immediate increase in the real purchasing power of the current defense budget and the efficiency of weapons production. It would also create a resilient framework for future defense production.