作者/Author(s): David Polansky 

網站來源/Source: Foreign Policy 

日期/Date: 11/18/2025 

關鍵字/Keywords: 國際政治、華盛頓、修正主義強權


摘要：
2003 年美國入侵伊拉克，是美國最後一次以修正主義大國的姿態行動。當時受911事件的焦慮驅使，美國認為其全球霸權地位正遭受威脅，因此採取了激進手段。此後美國的霸權地位一直很穩定，直到如今川普卻似乎在推動一種帶有修正主義傾向的外交政策，包括重新制裁俄羅斯、在拉丁美洲的軍事升級，以及對中國與加拿大發動貿易戰。
  • 與911事件後的局勢相似，當前美國領導層認為威脅其主導權的力量正逐漸集結。川普政府主張現有全球秩序助長了競爭對手（尤其是中國）的崛起，卻犧牲了美國中產階級與國內製造業的利益。 
  • 美國作為一個優先保障本國勞工權益的國家，與作為優先維護全球穩定的霸權國家之間，存在著核心矛盾。川普政府認為，帝國義務與自由貿易政策已損害國家利益，使得美元儲備貨幣地位與全球防衛承諾看起來更像是美國的負擔，而非資產。
  • 雖然川普的決策常帶有個人風格，但他的修正主義其實反映了美國國內長期累積的地緣政治不滿。這也暗示出川普的民意支持源於霸權紅利未能平等惠及美國全民的現實。 
  • 然而，修正主義極具風險。正如蘇聯曾試圖重建自身秩序，最終走向失敗。美國如今也可能顛覆它本想拯救的體系，並最終走向自我實現的衰落預言。
  • 此外，美國正利用其軍事力量，與盟友建立更具剝削性的關係，以安全保證為交換條件勒索盟友。
  • 儘管美國的強大實力不可否認，但為了修正現狀，選擇採取激進的解構手段，最終可能動搖美國自身的霸權，而這種後果將是不可逆轉的。 

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Summary: 
The 2003 US invasion of Iraq marked the last time the US acted like a revisionist power, driven by anxieties following the 9/11 attacks that threats to US global primacy were emerging and warranted aggressive action.​ Although the US has remained preeminent since then, Trump seems to have a revisionist tendency in US foreign policy, with recent policies including renewed sanctions on Russia, military escalations in Latin America, and trade wars against China and Canada.​ 
  • Much like the situation following 9/11, current US leadership believes that threats to American primacy are gathering. The Trump administration argued that the existing global order has facilitated the rise of rivals, specifically China, at the expense of the American middle class and domestic manufacturing. 
  • A central tension exists between the US identity as a nation prioritizing its workers and as a hegemon prioritizing global stability. The administration argues that imperial obligations and free-trade policies have harmed the country, leading to a view that the dollar's reserve status and global defense commitments are net costs rather than assets.
  • While President Trump's decision-making is often idiosyncratic, his revisionism reflects a genuine, long-standing geopolitical discontent. It also suggests that Trump's popularity stems from the reality that the benefits of hegemony have not been shared equally among citizens. 
  • Nevertheless, revisionism is dangerous. Much like the Soviet Union's failed attempts to restabilize, the US risks overturning the system it hopes to save. The strategy could become a self-fulfilling prophecy of decline. 
  • Furthermore, the US is exploiting its military power and moving toward a more extractive relationship with allies, extorting them in exchange for security guarantees. 
  • Although the US's strengths are undeniable, an aggressive dismantling of the status quo to fix it may upend its own supremacy, an outcome that would be irreversible. 
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