作者/Author(s): David A. Deptula 

網站來源/Source: Foreign Affairs 

日期/Date: 08/11/2025 

關鍵字/Keywords: 軍事、以色列、空中優勢


摘要：
自無人飛行載具（UAV）問世以來，一些軍事專家與政治學者便主張傳統空軍力量已過時，在空戰的角色亦受到限制。部分人士則質疑精準空襲能否達成戰略目標，原因包括高昂成本、過度依賴技術創新，且可能導致轟炸行動無意義延長。然而，以色列打擊伊朗防空系統、軍事設施及核設施的「雄獅崛起行動」，展現了現代空軍在審慎戰略與政治決心支持下，無需動用地面部隊即可達成軍事目標並創造實質政治成果的能力。
  • 在執行「雄獅崛起行動」時，以色列空軍採用了美軍現代空戰理論：建立制空權、同步打擊敵方關鍵基礎設施、運用匿蹤與精準打擊技術，並將達成預期效果置於單純消耗敵軍之上。 
  • 以色列空軍混用新舊戰機，結合無人機與網路作戰，有效蒐集並即時共享情報、干擾伊朗通訊系統、癱瘓伊朗防空網、奪取制空權，精準打擊敵方目標，為美軍後續動用巨型鑽地彈（MOP）摧毀伊朗深層地下核設施鋪路。 
  • 部分專家批評「雄獅崛起行動」未能摧毀伊朗核計劃。然而該行動旨在破壞並暫停，不是要根除計劃。此外，若伊朗重啟核濃縮計劃，將面臨再次遭受以色列精準打擊的風險。從各方面來看，以色列在短時間內高效完成行動且無人員傷亡，是地面部隊難以企及的成就。 
  • 「雄獅崛起行動」的巨大成功可歸功於下列因素： 
  1. 運用尖端軍事創新技術，例如第五代匿蹤戰機F-35，整合並分析多源感測器數據，在不被敵方防空偵測的情況下精準打擊目標。 
  2. 運用現代空軍力量取得制空權，減少地面部隊需求，降低衝突持續時間過長的風險。 
  • 然而這並不意味著空襲行動能包辦所有任務。空軍力量應被視為多領域戰爭中的戰略槓桿，可成為現代軍事成功的支柱。因此，投資制空權至關重要。 
 
Summary: 
Since the invention of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), some military experts and political scientists have argued that traditional airpower has become obsolete and has a restricted role in air denial. Some are also skeptical about the use of precision airstrikes to achieve strategic objectives due to their high cost, overreliance on technological innovation, and the potential to prolong meaningless bombing campaigns. However, Israel's Operation Rising Lion, an air campaign striking Iranian air defenses, military installations, and nuclear facilities, demonstrated the capabilities of a modern air force backed by prudent strategy and political resolve in achieving military objectives and meaningful political outcomes without using ground forces. 
  • When executing Operation Rising Lion, the Israeli Air Force adapted US modern air warfare doctrine: establish air superiority, simultaneously attack the target's critical infrastructure, use stealth and precision, and prioritize desired effects over attrition of forces.  
  • The mixed use of modern and older fighter jets, UAVs, and cyber-operations allowed the Israeli air force to collect and share real-time intelligence, disrupt Iranian communications, overwhelm Iranian air defenses, gain air superiority, and attack designated targets precisely, which paved the way for the US to destroy Iranian deep underground nuclear facilities using MOP bombs. 
  • Some experts criticized Operation Rising Lion for failing to destroy the Iranian nuclear program. However, the operation was intended to disrupt and suspend the program, not to uproot it. Furthermore, if Iran resumes its nuclear enrichment programs, it will risk being attacked by Israeli precision attacks again. By all measures, Israel completed the operation effectively and efficiently in a short time without any casualties, which ground forces could not emulate. 
  • The resounding success of Operation Rising Lion could be attributed to the following: 
  1. The use of leading military innovations, such as the fifth-generation stealth fighter, F-35, which can collect, integrate, and analyze data from various sensors to precisely attack targets without being detected by adversarial air defenses. 
  2. Using modern airpower to achieve air superiority, eliminate the need for ground forces, and reduce the chances of a prolonged conflict. 
  • Nevertheless, it does not mean that air campaigns could do all the jobs. Instead, air power provides strategic leverage in a multi-domain war and could be a backbone in modern military success. Therefore, investing in air superiority is essential. 
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