作者/Author(s): Benjamin Jensen 

網站來源/Source: Center for Strategic and International Studies 

日期/Date: 01/07/2025 

關鍵字/Keywords: 經濟、制裁、俄羅斯、幽靈艦隊 


摘要：
俄羅斯的「幽靈艦隊」油輪對當前的戰況至關重要，也對西方造成巨大威脅。如果西方想要結束俄烏戰爭，迫使俄羅斯上到談判桌，就必須針對俄羅斯的「幽靈艦隊」採取行動。 
  • 俄羅斯的「幽靈艦隊」是該國經濟命脈和戰爭資金的關鍵支柱，採用精密戰術來迴避偵測，繞過制裁，繼續出售石油和其他受制裁的商品。簡言之，「幽靈艦隊」通過利用制裁漏洞和國際海事治理的不足，挑戰西方制裁的執行機制。 
  • 最近，幽靈船隊更積極發揮自己多元的作用。歐洲國家指控幽靈艦隊的船隻破壞海底電信和電力電纜。此外，這些船隻也協助俄羅斯收集敏感情報。雖然幽靈艦隊的策略看似不專業，但卻是一種有效的灰色地帶行動，能威脅北約成員，同時維持俄羅斯經濟。
  • 西方的制裁已不足以應對俄羅斯「幽靈艦隊」日益上升的威脅。美國需要成立一個新的海事上執法特遣部隊，負責追蹤、調查並扣押可疑的「幽靈船隻」。美國還應採取秘密行動，以反制或破壞這些「幽靈艦隊」。
  • 美國應結合多種策略，打擊「幽靈艦隊」，制止俄羅斯的非法石油交易和海上破壞行為。美國也應整合盟友的資源，以加強執法效果，為烏克蘭提供更多和平談判時可用的籌碼。 
​​​​​​​Summary: 
 Russia's "ghost fleet" of oil tankers is crucial to its current war effort and becoming more dangerous to the West. If the West wants to end the Russo-Ukraine War and bring Russia to the negotiating table, it must target Russia's ghost fleet. 
  • Russia's "ghost fleet" is crucial for continuing its economic lifeline and financing its war. The fleet uses sophisticated tactics to avoid detection and bypass sanctions to continue selling oil and other sanctioned goods. In short, the ghost fleet challenged enforcement mechanisms by exploiting sanctions loopholes and inadequate international maritime governance. 
  • The ghost fleet has recently improvised its roles. European countries have accused ships from the ghost fleet of sabotaging undersea telecommunication and power cables. Furthermore, these ships also helped Russia collect sensitive intelligence. Although the ghost fleet tactic seems amateurish, it is an effective gray-zone operation to coerce NATO members while sustaining its economy. 
  • Sanctions are insufficient to counter the rising threat of the Russian ghost fleet. The U.S. needs a new maritime enforcement task force to track, investigate, and detain suspicious ghost ships. The U.S. should also use covert operations to counter or disrupt the ghost fleet. 
  • The U.S. should combine its strategies to target ghost ships and stop Russian illicit oil trade and maritime sabotages. Furthermore, the U.S. should integrate its allies' resources to enhance the enforcement effect and give Ukraine leverage during peace negotiations. 
 
回上層